Charging System Without Microcontrollers

This setup demonstrates a basic charging system using analog components instead of microcontrollers, relying on diodes, resistors, capacitors, and transistors to regulate power flow.

Key Components & Their Roles

1. Diode – Prevents reverse current flow, ensuring proper charging direction.
2. Resistor – Limits current to protect components.
3. Capacitor – Stores and stabilizes voltage during charging.
4. Transistor – Acts as a switch to control charging.
5. LED – Indicates charging status.
6. 9V Battery – Provides power to the circuit.

Working Principle

• The diode ensures current flows in the correct direction.
• The capacitor stabilizes voltage fluctuations.
• The transistor controls the charging process based on voltage levels.
• The LED lights up when charging is active.
• The resistor prevents excessive current flow, protecting the circuit.

Wiring Connections

Component	Connection
Diode	Connected in series with battery
Resistor	Limits current to capacitor
Capacitor	Stores charge and stabilizes voltage
Transistor	Controls charging process
LED	Indicates charging status
Battery	Provides power to the circuit

Advantages of This System

✅ No Microcontroller Required – Simple and cost-effective.
✅ Efficient Power Regulation – Ensures stable charging.
✅ Low Power Consumption – Operates efficiently with minimal energy.
✅ Easy to Build – Uses basic electronic components.